Which lawn establishment method is generally the least costly?

• A. Sodding
• B. Plugging
• C. Sprigging
• D. Seeding

Answer: (D)

The main factor tested here is the cost of establishing a lawn. Seeding is generally the least costly because it uses only seed and basic preparation, without the expense of buying and handling mature turf or many planting units. Sodding requires purchasing and installing full-grown turf, which adds substantial material and labor costs. Plugging and sprigging involve buying numerous small planting units (plugs or stolons) and placing them across the area, which also adds labor and material costs. Seeding keeps initial outlays low since seed is inexpensive and installation is simpler, though it can take longer to establish and may need more ongoing weed control and irrigation.